Percentage Incidences of Bacteria in Mahseer (Tor putitora), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Fish Collected from Hatcheries and Local Markets of District Malakand and Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.

Resumo O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína animal para a alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas de dois peixes economicamente importantes selecionados do Paquistão, nomeadamente Mahseer (Tor putitora) e carpa prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Amostras de peixes vivos de incubatórios e amostras de peixes mortos de diferentes mercados da área de estudo foram coletadas aleatoriamente. As amostras de peixes foram analisadas quanto ao isolamento, identificação e prevalência de bactérias. As bactérias isoladas dos peixes do estudo foram identificadas através de testes bioquímicos e cerca de 10 espécies de bactérias patogênicas foram identificadas incluindo as bactérias patogênicas para humanos e peixes, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. e Salmonella spp. A porcentagem de freqüência de ocorrência bacteriana em carpa prateada e peixes Mahseer mostrou Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21,42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17,85%, Escherichia coli 11,90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9,52%, Citrobacter spp. 9,52%, Serratia spp. 8,33%, Streptococcus iniae 7,14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5,95%, Bacillus spp. 4,76% e Salmonella spp. 3,57%. O estudo revelou que as amostras de peixes de Mahseer e carpa prateada coletadas nos mercados encontraram mais isolados (10 espécies bacterianas) do que as amostras de peixes frescos (03 espécies bacterianas) de incubatórios. A ocorrência de bactérias patogênicas nos peixes do estudo apresentou fator de risco para consumidores de saúde pública.

Percentage Incidences of Bacteria in Mahseer (Tor putitora), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Fish Collected from Hatcheries and Local Markets of District Malakand and Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Incidências percentuais de bactérias em Mahseer (Tor putitora), carpa-prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), peixes coletados em incubatórios e mercados locais do distrito de Malakand e Peshawar de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.

Resumo O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína animal para a alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas de dois peixes economicamente importantes selecionados do Paquistão, nomeadamente Mahseer (Tor putitora) e carpa prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Amostras de peixes vivos de incubatórios e amostras de peixes mortos de diferentes mercados da área de estudo foram coletadas aleatoriamente. As amostras de peixes foram analisadas quanto ao isolamento, identificação e prevalência de bactérias. As bactérias isoladas dos peixes do estudo foram identificadas através de testes bioquímicos e cerca de 10 espécies de bactérias patogênicas foram identificadas incluindo as bactérias patogênicas para humanos e peixes, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. e Salmonella spp. A porcentagem de freqüência de ocorrência bacteriana em carpa prateada e peixes Mahseer mostrou Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21,42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17,85%, Escherichia coli 11,90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9,52%, Citrobacter spp. 9,52%, Serratia spp. 8,33%, Streptococcus iniae 7,14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5,95%, Bacillus spp. 4,76% e Salmonella spp. 3,57%. O estudo revelou que as amostras de peixes de Mahseer e carpa prateada coletadas nos mercados encontraram mais isolados (10 espécies bacterianas) do que as amostras de peixes frescos (03 espécies bacterianas) de incubatórios. A ocorrência de bactérias patogênicas nos peixes do estudo apresentou fator de risco para consumidores de saúde pública.

Efficacy of the photon-induced photoacoustic streaming combined with nano-silver solution on Enterococcus faecalis in root canals / 口腔医学

Objective@#o explore the antibacterial effect of combined use of photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in root canals.@*Methods@#A total of 36 isolated teeth with single root canal were collected to establish an experimental root canal model of Enterococcus faecalis infection. Samples were randomly divided into six groups and 0.9% NaCl, 2% NaClO, 0.1% AgNPs solutions were used with conventional needle irrigation (CNI) or PIPS for root canals. Colony count method was used to measure the number of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in root canals before and after treatment, and the percentage of colony count reduction was calculated.@*Results@#The inhibitory effect of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in all experimental groups was stronger than that in the control group (P<0.05). The decrease amplitude of 0.9% NaCl, 2% NaClO, 0.1% AgNPs assisted with PIPS was greater than that of 0.9% NaCl, 2% NaClO, 0.1% AgNPs assisted with CNI (P<0.05). The decrease in the 0.1% AgNPs assisted with PIPS group was significantly greater than that in the 2% NaClO assisted with PIPS group (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#PIPS-assisted AgNPs solution washing can significantly improve the effect of clearing Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in root canals.

Research progress on drug combination therapy against Candida albicans / 药学实践杂志

Candida albicans is one of the most common species of Candida, which is an important cause of invasive candidiasis in clinic. Due to the frequently use of classical antifungal agents, there are amounts of drug resistant C. albicans being isolated, causing the significantly decreasing of the efficacy of some antifungal agents in clinical treatment. Besides, the use of some compounds in clinic has been limited because of their toxicities. In such a context, drug combination therapy shows great potential on antifungal because of the synergy of different drugs or therapeutic methods that could bring, which could improve the weaknesses of single drug.

Research progress on surface modification of titanium implants by strontium ions / 口腔疾病防治

@#Traditional titanium implants do not completely meet the clinical requirements because they are bioinert. The surface of titanium implants, modified by strontium ions, can enhance osseointegration and reduce peri-implantitis. In this paper, the biological properties of titanium implant surfaces modified by strontium ions were reviewed. Strontium ions can be coated on the implant surface by hydrothermal treatment, electrochemical deposition, phosphate chemical conversion, flame-spraying, supramolecular self-assembly, magnetron sputtering, laser deposition and alkali etching. Implant surfaces modified by strontium ions can not only promote osteogenesis and early osseointegration but also inhibit bacterial growth and reduce postoperative infections. Even better osseointegration and antibacterial effects can be achieved when strontium ions are incorporated with other elements, such as silver, zinc, gallium, and calcium. However, most of the studies on the use of strontium ion-modified titanium implants are animal experiments and in vitro experiments, and the observation time is short compared with the actual service life of the implants. Thus, the conclusions obtained may be different from the actual clinical application, and the long-term effects need to be studied. In addition, the osteogenic effects of various modification methods also need to be compared. Future research can focus on the following points: ① to find efficient modification methods that can be widely used in the clinic; ②to study how to control the concentration of strontium ions near the implant to exert their biological function and reduce their toxic side effects; and ③ to conduct long-term follow-up clinical trials to observe their osteogenic and antibacterial effects.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thymus vulgaris essential oil contained and synthesis thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles / Atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Thymus vulgaris contido e síntese de nanopartículas de prata de timo (Vulgaris)

Several species of thymus have therapeutic properties, so they are used in traditional medicine. In this work was carried out to synthesize Thymus vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPS) and evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of TSNPS and T. vulgalis essential oil extract (TEOE). The essential oils analyzed by GC-MS and were characterized. Major compounds of phenol, 2 methyl 5 (1 methylethyle) (CAS), thymol and 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, 3 nitro (CAS) (48.75%, 32.42% and 8.12%, respectively) were detected. Results demonstrated that the TSNPS gave a highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, it was obtained 97.2 at 1000 ug/ml. TSNPS, Thymus + Hexane (T+H), Thymus + Ethanol (T+E) gave the greatest antimicrobial activity than amoxicillin (AM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). In conclusion: The essential oil of thymus (Vulgaris) and thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles can be a good source of natural preservatives as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for increasing the shelf life of foodstuffs.

Diversas espécies de timo possuem propriedades terapêuticas, por isso são utilizadas na medicina tradicional. Neste trabalho foi realizado para sintetizar nanopartículas de prata Thymus vulgalis (TSNPS) e avaliar as atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana de TSNPS e extrato de óleo essencial de T. vulgalis (TEOE). Os óleos essenciais analisados por GC-MS e foram caracterizados. Os principais compostos de fenol, 2 metil 5 (1 metiletilo) (CAS), timol e ácido 1,2 Benzenodicarboxílico, 3 nitro (CAS) (48,75%, 32,42% e 8,12%, respectivamente) foram detectados. Os resultados demonstraram que o TSNPS deu uma maior atividade de eliminação do radical DPPH , foi obtido 97,2 a 1000 ug / ml. TSNPS, Timo + Hexano (T + H), Timo + Etanol (T + E) deu a maior atividade antimicrobiana do que amoxicilina (AM) e ciprofloxacina (CIP). Em conclusão: O óleo essencial de nanopartículas de prata do timo (Vulgaris) e do timo (Vulgaris) pode ser uma boa fonte de conservantes naturais como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos para aumentar a vida útil de alimentos.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thymus vulgaris essential oil contained and synthesis thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles

Abstract Several species of thymus have therapeutic properties, so they are used in traditional medicine. In this work was carried out to synthesize Thymus vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPS) and evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of TSNPS and T. vulgalis essential oil extract (TEOE). The essential oils analyzed by GC-MS and were characterized. Major compounds of phenol, 2 methyl 5 (1 methylethyle) (CAS), thymol and 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, 3 nitro (CAS) (48.75%, 32.42% and 8.12%, respectively) were detected. Results demonstrated that the TSNPS gave a highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, it was obtained 97.2 at 1000 ug/ml. TSNPS, Thymus + Hexane (T+H), Thymus + Ethanol (T+E) gave the greatest antimicrobial activity than amoxicillin (AM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). In conclusion: The essential oil of thymus (Vulgaris) and thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles can be a good source of natural preservatives as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for increasing the shelf life of foodstuffs.

Resumo Diversas espécies de timo possuem propriedades terapêuticas, por isso são utilizadas na medicina tradicional. Neste trabalho foi realizado para sintetizar nanopartículas de prata Thymus vulgalis (TSNPS) e avaliar as atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana de TSNPS e extrato de óleo essencial de T. vulgalis (TEOE). Os óleos essenciais analisados por GC-MS e foram caracterizados. Os principais compostos de fenol, 2 metil 5 (1 metiletilo) (CAS), timol e ácido 1,2 Benzenodicarboxílico, 3 nitro (CAS) (48,75%, 32,42% e 8,12%, respectivamente) foram detectados. Os resultados demonstraram que o TSNPS deu uma maior atividade de eliminação do radical DPPH , foi obtido 97,2 a 1000 ug / ml. TSNPS, Timo + Hexano (T + H), Timo + Etanol (T + E) deu a maior atividade antimicrobiana do que amoxicilina (AM) e ciprofloxacina (CIP). Em conclusão: O óleo essencial de nanopartículas de prata do timo (Vulgaris) e do timo (Vulgaris) pode ser uma boa fonte de conservantes naturais como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos para aumentar a vida útil de alimentos.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thymus vulgaris essential oil contained and synthesis thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles / Atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Thymus vulgaris contido e síntese de nanopartículas de prata de timo (Vulgaris)

Abstract Several species of thymus have therapeutic properties, so they are used in traditional medicine. In this work was carried out to synthesize Thymus vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPS) and evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of TSNPS and T. vulgalis essential oil extract (TEOE). The essential oils analyzed by GC-MS and were characterized. Major compounds of phenol, 2 methyl 5 (1 methylethyle) (CAS), thymol and 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, 3 nitro (CAS) (48.75%, 32.42% and 8.12%, respectively) were detected. Results demonstrated that the TSNPS gave a highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, it was obtained 97.2 at 1000 ug/ml. TSNPS, Thymus + Hexane (T+H), Thymus + Ethanol (T+E) gave the greatest antimicrobial activity than amoxicillin (AM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). In conclusion: The essential oil of thymus (Vulgaris) and thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles can be a good source of natural preservatives as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for increasing the shelf life of foodstuffs.

Resumo Diversas espécies de timo possuem propriedades terapêuticas, por isso são utilizadas na medicina tradicional. Neste trabalho foi realizado para sintetizar nanopartículas de prata Thymus vulgalis (TSNPS) e avaliar as atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana de TSNPS e extrato de óleo essencial de T. vulgalis (TEOE). Os óleos essenciais analisados por GC-MS e foram caracterizados. Os principais compostos de fenol, 2 metil 5 (1 metiletilo) (CAS), timol e ácido 1,2 Benzenodicarboxílico, 3 nitro (CAS) (48,75%, 32,42% e 8,12%, respectivamente) foram detectados. Os resultados demonstraram que o TSNPS deu uma maior atividade de eliminação do radical DPPH , foi obtido 97,2 a 1000 ug / ml. TSNPS, Timo + Hexano (T + H), Timo + Etanol (T + E) deu a maior atividade antimicrobiana do que amoxicilina (AM) e ciprofloxacina (CIP). Em conclusão: O óleo essencial de nanopartículas de prata do timo (Vulgaris) e do timo (Vulgaris) pode ser uma boa fonte de conservantes naturais como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos para aumentar a vida útil de alimentos.

Success rate of silver nano-particles in comparison to silver diamine fluoride in management of deep carious lesions: a randomized controlled clinical trial / Taxa de sucesso de nanopartículas de prata em comparação ao fluoreto de diamina de prata no manejo de lesões cariosas profundas: um estudo clínico controlado randomizado

Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of nanosilver fluoride in comparison to silver diamine fluoride in management of deep carious lesions. Material and Methods: This double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial included thirty-six patients with deep carious mandibular molars. Patients were recruited form the outpatient clinic of Suez canal university, Egypt and randomly allocated into three groups, Nanosilver fluoride group, Silver diamine fluoride group and control group. For all groups, teeth were isolated by rubber dam. Access was done followed by partial caries removal. Silver diamine fluoride or Nanosilver fluoride were applied, and all teeth were restored with composite resin restorative. Patients were recalled after 3 and 6 months to follow-up the pulp vitality. R-statistical analysis software for Windows, version 4.1.1, was used to conduct the statistical analysis Results: At 3 month, for all groups, all teeth were successful. After 6 months, for silver diamine fluoride group, a single case failed. Regarding the nanosilver fluoride, all cases were successful. For the control group, two cases failed. No statistically significant difference was found between the tested groups. Conclusion: Application of 5% Nanosilver to fluoride varnish has similar clinical efficacy as silver diamine fluoride in arresting the dentin caries progression (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de fluoreto de nanoprata em comparação ao fluoreto de diamina de prata no manejo de lesões profundas de cárie. Material e Métodos: Este estudo clínico controlado randomizado duplo-cego incluiu trinta e seis pacientes com lesões de cárie profunda em molares inferiores. Os pacientes foram recrutados no ambulatório da Universidade do Canal de Suez, no Egito, e alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos de tratamento: fluoreto de nanoprata, fluoreto de diamina de prata e grupo controle. Para todos os grupos, os dentes foram submetidos ao isolamento absoluto. O acesso à lesão foi feito seguido pela remoção parcial de tecido cariado. Tanto o fluoreto de diamina quanto fluoreto de nanoprata foram aplicados, e todos os dentes foram restaurados com resina composta. Os pacientes foram avaliados após 3 e 6 meses para o acompanhamento da vitalidade pulpar. O software estatístico R-statistical para Windows, versão 4.1.1, foi usado para as análises. Resultados: Em 3 meses, para todos os grupos, todos os dentes apresentaram sucesso no tratamento. Após 6 meses, para o grupo que utilizou o fluoreto de diamina de prata um único caso falhou. Em relação ao fluoreto de nanoprata, todos os casos apresentaram sucesso. Para o grupo controle, dois casos falharam. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos testados. Conclusão: A aplicação de verniz de fluoreto de nanoprata a 5% tem eficácia clínica semelhante ao fluoreto de diamina de prata na interrupção da progressão de cárie no tecido dentinário (AU)

Evaluation of the remineralizing capacity of silver diamine fluoride on demineralized dentin under pH-cycling conditions

Abstract Objective (1) to determine the effects of the silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and sodium fluoride (NaF) in demineralized dentin exposed to an acid challenge by pH-cycling, (2) to evaluate the remineralizing capacity of SDF/NaF products based on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the treated dentin surfaces. Methodology In total, 57 human molars were evaluated in different stages of the experimental period: sound dentin - negative control (Stage 1), demineralized dentin - positive control (Stage 2), and dentin treated with SDF/NaF products + pH-c (Stage 3). Several commercial products were used for the SDF treatment: Saforide, RivaStar, and Cariestop. The mineral composition and crystalline and morphological characteristics of the dentin samples from each experimental stage were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) analytical techniques. Moreover, the mechanical response of the samples was analyzed by means of the three-point bending test. Statistics were estimated for ATR-FTIR variables by Wilcoxon test, while the mechanical data analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. Results Regarding the chemical composition, we observed a higher mineral/organic content in the SDF/NaF treated dentin + pH-c groups (Stage 3) than in the positive control groups (Saforide p=0.03; Cariestop p=0.008; RivaStar p=0.013; NaF p=0.04). The XRD results showed that the crystallite size of hydroxyapatite increased in the SDF/NaF treated dentin + pH-c groups (between +63% in RivaStar to +108% in Saforide), regarding the positive control. SEM images showed that after application of the SDF/NaF products a crystalline precipitate formed on the dentin surface and partially filled the dentin tubules. The flexural strength (MPa) values were higher in the dentin treated with SDF/NaF + pH-c (Stage 3) compared to the positive control groups (Saforide p=0.002; Cariestop p=0.04; RivaStar p=0.04; NaF p=0.02). Conclusions The application of SDF/NaF affected the physicochemical and mechanical properties of demineralized dentin. According to the results, the use of SFD/NaF had a remineralizing effect on the dentin surface even under acid challenge.

Effects of silver diamine fluoride on demineralization protection after a secondary acid challenge

Abstract Objective This investigation describes the effects of 5% sodium fluoride varnish and 38% silver diamine fluoride on demineralization protection of human enamel lesions of three different severities after a secondary acid challenge. Study design Specimens underwent color and enamel surface microhardness change measurements after demineralization and treatment events. Transverse microradiography was conducted following the secondary demineralization. Results After treatments, enamel surface microhardness change showed that 24-hour lesions treated with fluoride varnish had less rehardening than 24-hour lesions treated with silver diamine fluoride (p<0.05), whereas 144-hour lesions from both treatment groups showed a beneficial decrease in surface microhardness change that was markedly better in samples treated with silver diamine fluoride (p<0.05). After the secondary demineralization, 24- and 144-hour lesions treated with silver diamine fluoride showed a sustained beneficial decrease in enamel surface microhardness change when compared to fluoride varnish-treated samples of the corresponding lesion severity (p<0.05). Transverse microradiography showed no difference between fluoride varnish- and silver diamine fluoride-treated samples of any corresponding lesion severity, indicating that remineralization in both fluoride varnish- and silver diamine fluoride-treated samples was proportional to each other after a secondary acid challenge. Conclusions Using silver diamine fluoride may have comparable benefits to fluoride varnish in mineral loss prevention.

Heavy metal resistance in the Yanomami and Tunapuco microbiome

BACKGROUND The Amazon Region hosts invaluable and unique biodiversity as well as mineral resources. Consequently, large illegal and artisanal gold mining areas exist in indigenous territories. Mercury has been used in gold mining, and some has been released into the environment and atmosphere, primarily affecting indigenous people such as the Yanomami. In addition, other heavy metals have been associated with gold mining and other metal-dispersing activities in the region. OBJECTIVE Investigate the gut microbiome of two semi-isolated groups from the Amazon, focusing on metal resistance. METHODS Metagenomic data from the Yanomami and Tunapuco gut microbiome were assembled into contigs, and their putative proteins were searched against a database of metal resistance proteins. FINDINGS Proteins associated with mercury resistance were exclusive in the Yanomami, while proteins associated with silver resistance were exclusive in the Tunapuco. Both groups share 77 non-redundant metal resistance (MR) proteins, mostly associated with multi-MR and operons with potential resistance to arsenic, nickel, zinc, copper, copper/silver, and cobalt/nickel. Although both groups harbour operons related to copper resistance, only the Tunapuco group had the pco operon. CONCLUSION The Yanomami and Tunapuco gut microbiome shows that these people have been exposed directly or indirectly to distinct scenarios concerning heavy metals.

Silver nanoparticles in mouthwashes against infection caused by SARS-CoV-2: a scoping review / Nanopartículas de prata em enxaguatórios bucais para uso em infecções por SARS-CoV-2: uma revisão de escopo

The Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) have received attention for their antiviral potential against SARS-CoV-2. The objective is to conduct a scope review and map the scientific evidence on the use of AgNPs in mouthwashes as an adjunct in decreasing the viral load in the oral cavity of patients with SARS-CoV-2. A search was performed in the PubMed, Medline, Scielo databases, and a manual search in the reference lists, following the standards of the Joanna Briggs Institute for Scoping Review without restriction of year, language or sample size. Thus, 14 articles were included, where they researched the use of AgNPs with antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2, mouthwashes for SARS-CoV-2 and AgNPs as mouthwashes. We can suggest that AgNPs are likely antiviral therapies for SARS-CoV-2 and its use in mouthwashes associated with other therapies are promising strands for decreasing viral load and infection by the vírus (AU)

As nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) têm recebido atenção por seu potencial antiviral no SARS-CoV-2. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão de escopo e mapear as evidências científicas sobre o uso de AgNPs em bochechos como adjuvante na diminuição da carga viral na cavidade oral de pacientes com SARS-CoV-2. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Scielo e busca manual nas listas de referências, seguindo os padrões do Joanna Briggs Institute for Scoping Review sem restrição de ano, idioma ou tamanho da amostra. Assim, foram incluídos 14 artigos, onde pesquisaram o uso de AgNPs com efeito antiviral contra SARS-CoV-2, enxaguatórios bucais para SARS-CoV-2 e AgNPs como enxaguatórios bucais, vertentes promissoras para diminuição da carga viral e infecção pelo vírus.(AU)

Cellular Uptake of Catharanthus roseus-Silver Nanoparticles in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells

@#Introduction: Nanoparticles exhibit unique features and currently at the forefront of cutting-edge research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most promising and widely commercialised nanoproducts in various fields. The interaction of these AgNPs with cells remain unclear to connect with its toxicological endpoints. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular uptake of C. roseus-AgNPs in hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2. Methods: The HepG2 cells were treated with the mean IC50 value of C. roseus-AgNPs which was 4.95±0.26 µg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The effects were compared with the untreated cells and other treatments which include camptothecin, C. roseus-aqueous extract, and AgNO3 . Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to quantify the intracellular Ag+ and Ca2+, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging was used to visualise the nanoparticle distribution. Results: The HepG2 cells have significantly taken up Ag+ from C. roseus-AgNPs with at least six times higher compared to Ag+ from AgNO3 . The intracellular Ca2+ detected in HepG2 cells for all treatments were significantly higher than the untreated cells, in time-dependent manner. TEM images indicated the endocytosis of C. roseus-AgNPs with the presence of endosomes and exocytic vesicles. Conclusion: The significant accumulation of intracellular Ag+ demonstrated the efficiency of the C. roseus-AgNPs uptake while the increased Ca2+ indicated the early sign of cell injury. The cellular uptake was mainly through endocytosis. These findings are crucial to correlate the physicochemical properties of C. roseus-AgNPs with the anticancer mechanisms towards the development of liver cancer therapy.

Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activity of 2% Formulation of 2-Medpy-3-CN on Infected Burn Wounded Animal Model

@#Introduction: Humans have learned to recognize and process plants into medicinal forms through centuries. Burns can spread to other tissues, especially when infected with bacteria such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The study aimed to assess the in vivo antibacterial and wound healing activity of 2% formulation of 2-Medpy-3-CN on infected burn wounded animal model. Methods: In vitro antibacterial activity of the Alsti was done by broth dilution and disc diffusion methods. Alsti 2% ointment was prepared for the infected burn wound treatment. A total of 18 rats are grouped into A, B, C, and D, the first three groups (A-C) were injured thermally, and Group D was used as healthy controls. The three test Groups were exposed to MRSA ATCC 43300 at 105 CFU/mL. Group A was treated with 2% Alsti, Group B with Silver sulfadiazine 1% (SSD), and Group C was untreated. Wounds healing was assessed by the healed area and microscopic identification of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained skin tissue. Results: Wound healing progresses with application of Alsti 2% ointment as observed through wound diameter and histopathological changes of the skin. Wound diameter decreases with treatments, while the contrary was observed in the non-treated group. Microscopic observation of the stained skin showed that epidermal development, and collagen formation progress with treatment days. Untreated wounds showed marked inflammation, progressive ulceration, and necrosis. Conclusion: Alsti 2% formulation showed antibacterial and wound healing activities, hence, can be used as alternative in burn wound infections.

Biofabrication and optimization of silver nanoparticles using Campsis sp. to explore their antimicrobial properties

Plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) holds promising applications in the field of Biomedicine, Food packaging and Wound healing. In the present investigation, biofabrication of AgNPs was performed using the aqueous extracts of Campsis sp. (Family Bignoniaceae) leaves and flowers growing in the premises of Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi. Optimization of AgNPs was performed to analyse the varying effect of pH (6.0, 8.0, 10.0) and silver salt concentration (2mM, 4Mm and 6Mm) in controlling the shape and size of AgNPs which in turn governs their further applications. Interestingly, change in colour of the reaction mixture from pale yellow to reddish brown indicated the formation of AgNPs. These AgNPs were further characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy and showed peak in the range of 400-450 nm which confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analysis (DLS-Zeta) confirmed the size of AgNPs around 200-300 nm. A significant zone of inhibition was observed for both Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative) bacterial strains which revealed the antimicrobial potential of Campsis sp. AgNPs. Therefore, Campsis AgNPs may provide a green, eco-sustainable alternate method for sustainable production of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. These AgNPs may also show tremendous applications in food packaging, wound healing and biomedical fields.

Fabrication of PVA-Silver nanoparticle composite film for elimination of microbial contaminant from effluent

The effluent contains many harmful microbes which should be eliminated before it is discharged into a water body. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) being high-quality significance and have a great impact on this research field as it inhibits microbial proliferation and infection. Therefore, it may use for Bioremediation purposes, our laboratory is fascinated by the production of polymer matrix entrapment silver nanoparticles for in situ bio-remediation purposes. The AgNPs was prepared from sawdust by decoction method. The yellowish solution turns into dark brown colour indicating the formation of AgNPs. A sharp SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) band formation in UV-vis spectroscopy scan establishes the formation and stability of silver nanoparticles in an aqueous solution. SEM microphotograph indicated roughly spheroidal structure with (63±3) nm average diameters of newly synthesized AgNp. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is eco-friendly and non-toxic to the environment was chosen for the preparation of polymeric matrix. The non-toxic concentration (1 ?g/mL) of AgNp was dispersed into PVA solution followed by cross-linked with maleic acid. PVA- maleic acid is cross-linked by the formation of an ester bond, whereas silver nanoparticles physically entrap into the cross-linked matrix. The silver nanoparticles were released from the matrix nearly after 10 min of swelling of the composite film. In a microbial assay using E. coli agar medium, PVA-AgNp composite film shows the significant killing of microorganisms. Microbial elimination is measured indirectly by pH measurement and dissolved oxygen concentration measurement of the effluent in situ against RO- water, taken as control. The dissolved oxygen concentration from RO water and effluent water was measured on Day “0” followed by treatment and incubation at the BOD chamber. The treatment with PVA-AgNp composite film reduced the BOD Level and increase dissolved oxygen level simultaneously increasing the quality of water.

Fluoride and silver ion concentrations and pH in silver diamine fluoride solutions from Argentina / Concentraciones de fluoruro y plata y pH en soluciones de diamino fluoruro de plata producidos en Argentina

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to measure the fluoride (F) and silver (Ag) ion concentration and the pH, over time, of 2 solutions of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) produced in Argentina. The brand Fluorsilver® was established as Group 1 (G1) (Densell), and the brand FAgamin® (Tedequim) as Group 2 (G2), each with two different lots. The following were determined at time 0 (t0) and 30 days after opening (t30): a) fluoride concentration (w/v) by visible spectrophotometry b) Ag content (w/v) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry c) pH. Results: The data in the freshly opened bottles were for G1 lot1/lot2: a) 0.96/1, b) 8.3/7.8, c).11.5/11.3; G2 lot1/lot2: a) 11.5/9.9, b) 39/39, c) 7/6,9; and after 30 days, G1 lot1/lot2: a) 0.85/0.81, b) 7.2/8.2, c) 11.3/11.6; G2 lot1/lot2: a) 9.35/8.43, b) 38/38, c) 7.6/7.6. Conclusion In relation to the expected values (5.0-5.9% fluoride and 24.4-28.8% silver), the average concentration of fluoride and silver ions was lower for G1, but higher for G2. The pH was alkaline for G1 and neutral for G2. Over the 30 days, the content of fluoride and silver tended to decrease.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue medir las concentraciones de iones de fluoruro (F) y plata (Ag) y el pH, de 2 soluciones de diamino fluoruro de plata (SDF) al 38% producidas en Argentina. Se estableció como Grupo 1 (G1) la marca Fluorsilver® (Densell), y FAgamin® (Tedequim) como Grupo 2 (G2), cada uno con dos lotes diferentes. Se determinó: a) la concentración de fluoruro (p/v) por espectrofotometría visible, b) el contenido de Ag (p/v) por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y c) el pH, y fue medido en un tiempo 0 (t0) y 30 días después de la apertura del frasco (t30). Resultado: En tiempo 0 para G1 lote1/lote2 fue: a) 0,96/1, b) 8,3/7,8 c).11,5/11,3 y G2 lote1/lote2: a) 11,5/9,9, b) 39/39, c) 7/6,9. A los 30 días G1 lote1/lote2: a) 0,85/0,81, b) 7,2/8,2, c) 11,3/11,6 y G2 lote1/lote2: a) 9,35/8,43, b) 38/38, c) 7,6/7,6. La concentración de iones de fluoruro y plata para G1 fue menor en relación a los valores esperados (5,0-5,9% de fluoruro y 24,4- 28.8% plata), sin embargo G2 obtuvo valores más altos. G1 muestra resultados de pH alcalino y G2 neutro. A lo largo de los 30 días, el contenido de fluoruro y plata tiende a disminuir.

Utilidad de la técnica de MS-MLPA en el diagnóstico de los síndromes de Beckwith-Wiedemann y Silver-Russell / Usefulness of the MS-MLPA technique in the diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome

Resumen Introducción: Las alteraciones epigenéticas y genómicas de la región improntada 11p15.5 producen crecimiento excesivo o deficiente, que se manifiesta como síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann o síndrome de Silver-Russell, respectivamente. Objetivo: Evaluar la técnica de análisis de metilación MLPA (MS-MLPA, methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) en el diagnóstico de los síndromes de Beckwith-Wiedemann y de Silver-Russell. Métodos: Se evaluó la metilación y las variantes de 11p15.5 en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann y síndrome de Silver-Russell mediante la técnica MS-MLPA en ADN de sangre periférica. Resultados: Se identificó disomía uniparental paterna y pérdida de metilación del IC2 materno en dos pacientes con síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann, quienes presentaron onfalocele y macroglosia, respectivamente. Se registró hipometilación paterna del IC1 en dos pacientes con síndrome de Silver-Russell de fenotipo clásico. Conclusiones: Se observó adecuada correlación genotipo-fenotipo con los defectos de metilación encontrados, lo que confirma la utilidad del MLPA como estudio de primera línea en pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann y síndrome de Silver-Russell.

Abstract Introduction: Epigenetic and genomic imprinting alterations of the 11p15.5 region cause excessive or deficient growth, which result in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) or Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), respectively. Objective: To evaluate the methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) methylation analysis technique in the diagnosis of BWS and SRS. Methods: 11p15.5 methylation and variants were evaluated in patients with clinical diagnosis of BWS and SRS using the MS-MLPA technique in peripheral blood DNA. Results: Paternal uniparental disomy and loss of maternal IC2 methylation were identified in two patients with BWS who had omphalocele and macroglossia, respectively. Paternal IC1hypomethylation was recorded in two patients with SRS of classic phenotype. Conclusions: Adequate genotype-phenotype correlation was observed with the methylation defects that were identified, which confirms the usefulness of MLPA as a first-line study in patients diagnosed with BWS and SRS.

Nanopartículas de plata contra bacterias presentes en biofilm dental de pacientes pediátricos / Silver nanoparticles against bacteria present in dental biofilm of pediatric patients

Introducción: el biofilm dental microbiano es el precursor de diversas enfermedades orales, una de ellas la caries, ésta representa la enferme- dad oral más significativa a nivel mundial, con una incidencia de 1.76 billones de niños afectados. Las nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) se están usando como alternativa para el control y prevención del biofilm dental, ya que poseen propiedades antimicrobianas contra bacterias relacionadas a estas enfermedades. Sin embargo, no hay estudios que evalúen este comportamiento en pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo: eva- luar la actividad antimicrobiana de las AgNPs en bacterias de aislados clínicos tomados de pacientes pediátricos. Material y métodos: se tomó muestra del biofilm dental de 22 pacientes pediátricos, el efecto micro- biológico se evaluó mediante ensayos microbiológicos estandarizados internacionalmente por triplicado, usando dos diferentes tamaños de AgNPs. Resultados: los dos tamaños de AgNPs mostraron inhibición bacteriana, sin embargo, sólo se vio una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el género (p < 0.05), además, en general, hubo una correlación positiva significativa en relación a la concentración de las AgNPs y la velocidad del crecimiento bacteriano (p < 0.05). Conclusión: las AgNPs se pueden considerar como una alternativa para la prevención del biofilm dental y de esta manera para el control de diferentes enfermedades orales (AU))

Introduction: dental biofilm is the precursor of oral diseases, one of them dental caries, this represents the most significant oral disease worldwide with an incidence of 1.76 billion affected children. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being used as an alternative for the control and prevention of dental biofilm since they have antimicrobial properties against bacteria related to these diseases. However, there are no studies evaluating this behavior in pediatric patients. Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs in bacteria from clinical isolates taken from pediatric patients. Material and methods: a sample of dental biofilm was taken from 22 pediatric patients, the microbiological effect was evaluated by international standardized microbiological tests in triplicate, using two different sizes of AgNPs. Results: the two sizes of AgNPs showed bacterial inhibition, however, only a statistically significant difference was seen between gender (p < 0.05), in addition, in general, there was a significant positive correlation in relation to the concentration of AgNPs and the speed bacterial growth (p < 0.05). Conclusion: AgNPs can be considered as an alternative for the prevention of dental biofilm and thus for the control of different oral diseases (AU)